Top-rated ScreenCasts
Text Section | Link to original post | Rating (out of 100) | Number of votes | Copy of rated post |
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10.03 - Binary VLE using Raoult's Law | Click here. | 60 | 2 |
Raoult's Law (5:39) (msu.edu) |
09.10 - Saturation Conditions from an Equation of State | Click here. | 60 | 1 |
We can combine the definition of fugacity in terms of the Gibbs Energy Departure Function with the procedure of visualizing an equation of state to visualize the fugacity as characterized by the PR EOS. (21min, uakron.edu) This amounts to plotting Z vs. density, similar to visualizing the vdW EOS. Then we simply type in the departure function formula. Since the PR EOS describes both vapors and liquids, we can calculate fugacity for both gases and liquids. Taking the reciprocal of the dimensionless density ( V/b=1/(bρ) ) gives a dimensionless volume. When the dimensionless pressure (bP/RT) is plotted vs. the dimensionless volume, the equal area rule indicates the pressure where equilibrium occurs and this can be checked by comparing the ln(f/P) values for the liquid and vapor roots. When the pressure is not exactly saturated, we may still be in the 3-root region. Then you need to check the fugacity to determine which phase is stable.
Concept Questions:
1. What equation can we use to estimate the fugacity of a compressed liquid relative to its saturation value? |
14.04 LLE Using Activities | Click here. | 60 | 2 |
Txy Phase Diagram Showing LLE and VLE Simultaneously (9min,uakron.edu) The binary Txy phase diagram of methanol+benzene is visualized with sample calculations of the SSCED model with several values of the nonideality (kij) parameter. The calculations show the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) phase boundary as well as the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) boundary. As the estimated nonideality (kij) increases, the LLE boundary crashes into the VLE. It is so exciting that it makes a thermo nerd wax poetic about the "valley of Gibbs." Comprehension Questions: 1. The LLE phase boundary moves up as the nonideality increases. Which way does the VLE contribution move? Explain how this relates to the molecules' escaping tendencies. |
10.03 - Binary VLE using Raoult's Law | Click here. | 60 | 4 |
Raoult's Law Calculation Procedures (11:45) (msu.edu) Comprehension Questions: Assume the ideal solution SCVP model (Eqns. 2.47 and 10.8). 1. Estimate the bubble pressure (bars) of 30% acetone + 70% benzene at 333K. |
07.08 Matching The Critical Point | Click here. | 60 | 2 | |
01.5 Real Fluids and Tabulated Properties | Click here. | 60 | 2 |
Steam Tables (LearnChemE.com) (5:59) calculate enthalpy of steam by interpolation |
07.06 Solving The Cubic EOS for Z | Click here. | 60 | 4 |
2. Solving the PR EOS for Z . (learncheme.com, 5min) Shows how to copy/paste from "Crit.Props" and "IG Cps" to "Props". Then compute some properties. Note: this video incorrectly uses a simple copy/paste instead of "paste special." Therefore, the color of the values on the "Props" tab changes from blue to black. Blue values should indicate values that you can change and black values should indicate cells that you should not alter. If you are having trouble finding a particular compound in the database, try searching for a piece of the name. e.g. if the compound is "nitrous oxide," search for "nitro." Comprehension Questions: 1. What is the value for Zc of nitrous oxide? What is its "abbreviated name?" 2. What is the value of Tc for R1234yf? 3. Estimate the entropy of vaporization of toluene at 383.4K according to the Peng-Robinson EOS. 4. Estimate the entropy of vaporization of ethanol at 0.1MPa according to the Peng-Robinson EOS. Compare to the value you infer from Appendix E. |
08.07 - Implementation of Departure Functions | Click here. | 60 | 2 |
Helmholtz Departure - PR EOS (uakron.edu, 11min) This lesson focuses first and foremost on deriving the Helmholtz departure function. It illustrates the application of integral tables from Apx. B and the importance of applying the limits of integration. It is the essential starting point for deriving properties involving entropy (S,A,G) of the PREOS, and it is a convenient starting point for deriving energetic properties (U,H). |
03.1 - Heat Engines and Heat Pumps: The Carnot Cycle | Click here. | 60 | 2 |
Heat Engine Introduction (LearnChemE.com, 6min) introduction to Carnot heat engine and Rankine cycle. The Carnot cycle is an idealized conceptual process in the sense that it provides the maximum possible fractional conversion of heat into work (aka. thermal efficiency, ηθ). But it is impractical for several reasons as discussed in the video. When operating on steam as the working fluid, as is common in nuclear power plants, coal fired power plants, and concentrated solar power plants, the Rankine cycle is much more practical, as explained here. This LearnChemE video is short and sweet, but it applies the property of entropy, which is not introduced until Chapter 4. All you need to know about entropy at this stage is that the change in entropy is zero for an adiabatic and reversible process and the change in entropy is greater than zero when you add heat or cause irreversibility. Since entropy is a state function, we can use the steam tables to facilitate accounting for inefficiencies. Entropy becomes essential when using steam as the working fluid because working out ∫PdV of steam is much more difficult than for an ideal gas. We reiterate this video in Chapter 5, where we discuss calculations for several practical cyclic processes. Comprehension Questions: |
05.5 Liquefaction | Click here. | 60 | 2 |
Joule-Thomson Expansion (LearnChemE.com, 7min) describes the Joule-Thomson coefficient - (dT/dP)H. For non-ideal fluids (including liquids), the temperature usually drops as the pressure drops. From a molecular perspective, it requires energy to rip molecules apart when they are in their attractive wells, and this energy must be taken from the thermal energy of the molecules themselves if the system is adiabatic. This video refers to the PREOS.xls spreadsheet to be used more in Unit II, but you can get the idea of how the Joule-Thomson expansion provides a basis for any liquefaction of any chemical, including the liquefaction that occurs in refrigeration and the one that occurs in a process designed to simply recover liquid product (e.g. liquefied natural gas (LNG), aka. methane). Comphrehension Questions: 1. Referring to the table for R134a in Appendix E-12, compute the fraction liquid at 252K after throttling from a saturated liquid at 300K. 2. Referring to the table for R134a in Appendix E-12, compute the fraction liquid at 252K after expanding a saturated liquid at 300K through a reversible turbine. |
Visualizing the vdW EOS (uakron.edu, 16min) Building on solving for density, describes plotting dimensionless isotherms of the vdW EOS for methane at 5 temperatures, two subcritical, two supercritical, and one at the critical condition. From these isotherms in dimensionless form, it is possible to identify the critical point as the location of the inflection point where the temperature first exits the 3-root region. This method can be adapted to any equation of state, whether it is cubic or not. The illustration was adapted from a sample test problem. This screencast also addresses the meaning of the region where the pressure goes negative, with a (possibly disturbing) story about a blood-sucking octopus.
Comprehension Questions:
1. What are the dimensions of the quantity (bP/RT)?
2. Starting with the expression for Z(ρ,T), rewrite the vdW EOS to solve for the quantity (bP/RT) in terms of (bρ) and (a/bRT).
3. Consider the following EOS: Z = 1 + 2bρ/(1-2bρ) - (a/bRT) /(1-bρ)2. Estimate the value of bPc/(RTc) for this EOS.
4. Consider the following EOS: Z = 1 + 2bρ/(1-2bρ) - (a/bRT) /(1-bρ)2. Estimate the value of (a/bRTc) for this EOS.
5. Compute the values of a(J-cm3/mol2) and b(cm3/mol) for methane according to this new EOS.